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Populace pstruhů obecných v tocích jezer Čertova a Laka
HŮDA, Jan
In this thesis, almost ten years after the last large ichtyological survey, the populations of Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in two Šumava lakes (Laka and Čertovo) and adjacent streams were studied during spring and autumn electrofishing. The chemical parameters of local water were also sampled and compared with the past. The recovery of the studied area after an era of acidification was observed.
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Chironomid fauna of acidified mountain waters
Malá, Martina ; Tátosová, Jolana (advisor) ; Vondrák, Daniel (referee)
Acidification of freshwater ecosystems peaked in 1980. There were overall changes in the chemistry of surface waters. As a result, some fish and sensitive species of zooplakton and zoobenthos disappeared. After the peak, emissions of major pollutants (SO2, NOX a NH3) declined significantly, which started the process of recovery from acidification. Nevertheless, biological recovery proceeds very slowly and it is not clear whether it is a completely reversible process. Chironomids serve as a very useful tool to assess acidification and recovery processes, mainly due to their toletance and also sensitivity of species to low pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen, nutrient content and adaptability to changes in food supply. Chironomids have in general high adaptability of species to harsh conditions. Food supply and concentration of dissolved oxygen are likely the main factors which influence the assemblages of chironomids in freshwater ecosystems. Chironomids are suitable for use in surface water research and biomonitoring due to their world-wide distribution, high species diversity and density. In comparison to other families of zoobenthos there is far less studies of chironomid assemblages, because of demanding determination. The CPET method, which uses collection of pupal exuviae, has great potential...
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Al forms in acidified surface waters - toxicity and trends
Šimková, Petra ; Hruška, Jakub (advisor) ; Hořická, Zuzana (referee)
This thesis deals with forms of aluminium occurring in acidified surface waters. Special attention is paid to inorganic monomeric aluminium, fraction, which has toxic effect on some species of aquatic and terrestrial biota. The thesis primarily focuses on the analysis of surface water, groundwater and soil water chemistry in the year-round and long-term monitoring. The practical took place on an experimental mountain basin Uhlířská, which is drained by river Černá Nisa. Uhlířská basin is located in the Jizera Mountains and represents the area which was significantly exposed to the acid atmospheric deposition in the second half of the 20th century. Long-term exposure to acid precipitation caused the acidification of soil and watercourses, forest degradation and deforestation of large parts of the basin. Decrease in pH and an increase in concentration of toxic aluminium also caused species depletion of aquatic ecosystems. Monomeric forms of aluminium were determined spectrophotometrically, the concentration of total aluminium was determined by the method of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), in case of low concentration electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) was used. Five forms of aluminium were obtained - Altot, AlAS, Alm, Alo and potentially toxic Ali. Appart from...
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Phytoplankton of drinking water reservoirs in the Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic, in relation to treatability of water
Čermáková, Anna ; Hořická, Zuzana (advisor) ; Procházková, Lenka (referee)
The area of the Jizera Mountains (northern Bohemia) was significantly affected by acid atmospheric deposition in the second half of the 20th century. This mountain area has a very sensitive geology and is characterized by the predominance of spruce stands, naturally acidic shallow soils of podzolic type, large areas of peat bogs in the upper plateau, a rough climate, and a very high annual rainfall. The frequent heavy rains and a low infiltration capacity of soils brought about floods in the past, very dangerous for the populated foothills. , so in the early 20th century For that reason, a plan was proposed to construct a system of reservoirs for a flood protection of the area. In the 1970s, the need for new sources of drinking water increased in the area. The Souš retention and recreation reservoir was rebuilt to a drinking water reservoir in 1974, and a new drinking water reservoir Josefův Důl was bulit in 1982. Both the water bodies have had a dystrophic character since the beginning, and the Souš reservoir suffers from naturally high concentrations of aluminum. Due to the anthropogenic acidification, the reservoirs were fishless until brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) were successfully (re)introduced in the 1990s, and the diversity and numbers of the zooplankton were very low. The...
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Trends in composition of atmospheric precipitation and deposition in Europe
Šimková, Petra ; Hůnová, Iva (advisor) ; Maznová, Jana (referee)
This bachelor thesis describes the historical development of emissions and their associated composition of atmospheric precipitation and atmospheric deposition in Europe. It is the work with review character, which summarizes and evaluates current knowledge of the majority components of atmospheric deposition. It relies particularly on articles and a summary reports of monitoring networks devoted to the large time horizon. At the beginning part of this work are defined the major components of atmospheric deposition. In another part is described composition of atmospheric precipitation, sampling dry and wet deposition and subsequent chemical analysis. The main part is devoted to evaluate the development of emission and sputtering of the main trends of acidifying compounds, and basic cations in Europe. Emission and deposition trends are divided into time periods, which were defined in relation to the development of historical, political or economic situation. Another criterion in the evaluation of trends in the composition of atmospheric precipitation and atmospheric deposition was the State's geographical position within Europe. There are summarized the results of studies on the deposition trends across Europe, but the main attention is devoted to the differences between Western and Eastern Europe...
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Forest vegetation changes in the Bohemian Forest during the second half of 20th century
Prach, Jindřich ; Kopecký, Martin (advisor) ; Sádlo, Jiří (referee)
Long-term forest vegetation changes were studied in the Bohemian Forest and its foothills. New vegetation relevés were taken at sites of typological plots established by forest engineers between 1955 and 1980. Data from 158 semi-permanent plots were analysed using modern statistical methods. The data show significant changes and homogenization of the vegetation. Ellenberg indicator values indicate eutrofication. Repeated measurements of soil pH suggest acidification, but the interpretation of these data is complicated by methodological problems. The forests under study exhibit high spatial variability. No main prevailing trend in vegetation changes was found. The changes are considered to be related to sulphur and nitrogen deposition and forest management. The influence of increasing age of forest stands seems to be unimportant. Discussed are not only vegetation changes and their possible causes but also the possibilities and limitations of using such old forestry data in botanical and ecological studies.
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Communities of terrestrial nematodes after different approaches to heathland restoration
Radochová, Petra ; Háněl, Ladislav (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
Since the 20th century, the distribution of European heathlands rapidly decreased due to agricultural intensification, heavy use of artificial fertilizers or acidification. Therefore, various attempts of heathland restoration are under way in these days. Analysis of nematode community composition can be one of the tools suitable for succession evaluation. In 2011, 2013 and 2014, soil samples were collected from heathland restoration experiment (launched in 2011) where different restoration methods were applied in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment; existing heathlands were also sampled to identify the target community both in dry and wet heathland. A total of 60 samples of extracted nematodes were analysed for absolute abundance, trophic groups, and genera dominance. Various indices were calculated to describe the nematode community. We were able to proove faster development of wet heathlands towards the target community. However, because of large data variability, there was no significant difference between treatments. Development of wet and dry heathlands differed also in increased proportion of omniphagous nematodes in 2013 and predators in 2014 in dry heathlands. After three years of heathland restoration, nematode community has not yet reached parameters of the target community. Key words: Nematoda,...
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Phytoplankton of the Tatra lakes: factors influencing taxonomic composition and biomass
Červenková, Lenka ; Nedbalová, Linda (advisor) ; Štefková, Elena (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis was to describe species composition and biomass of phytoplankton in the Tatra Mountains lakes (Slovakia, Poland) and environmental factors influencing them. The surface layer of 89 lakes was sampled in September 2004. Flagellates from Chrysophyta, Dinophyta and Cryptophyta most frequently dominated the phytoplankton biomass. Lake in the same valley usually differed in their dominant taxonomic group as a result of different lake morphometry, catchment type and detailed geological structure. Based on the level of phytoplankton biovolume, the majority of lakes were ultraoligotrophic and oligotrophic, however, mesotrophic and even eutrophic conditions were recorded in some forest and meadow lakes. An allometric relationship between phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a was revealed. Specific chlorophyll content did not differ among taxonomic groups. Altogether 233 species were determined, the most diverse group were Chlorophyta. Species richness of lake was 3-46 and it was negatively correlated with altitude and positively correlated with lake area. The majority of species were rare both in term of biomass and number of lakes occupied by a particular species. Average local species biomass was positively correlated with regional distribution. The similarity of species...
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Envirnomental impact of household consumption
Mach, Radomír ; Ščasný, Milan (advisor) ; Šauer, Petr (referee) ; Musil, Petr (referee)
The main goal of this dissertation thesis is to quantify the environmental burden associated with household consumption in the Czech Republic. Emissions of three groups of gases were selected to express the burden on the environment, namely emissions causing climate change, acidification and the formation of photosmog. These emissions arise from the consumption of fuels in households, and they are usually referred to as direct household emissions. Or they arise in the production and distribution of goods and services, and they are usually referred to as indirect household emissions. Although indirect emissions come from combustion in energy production and other industrial processes and agricultural activities, not from households, they are a consequence of household demand for final products. Therefore, such emissions are considered to be a consequence of household consumption. The resulting emission values are given for the average household and households divided into expenditure deciles. Emissions increase with expenditure per household member in total consumption and in individual consumption groups across all deciles. In the case of climate change-related emissions, more than half come from heating (41%) and electricity (21%). For acidification, heating (31%) and food (24%) are the dominant...
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Changes in epiphytic lichen biota in the Czech Republic with emphasis on current situation
Hronová, Nikola ; Malíček, Jiří (advisor) ; Palice, Zdeněk (referee)
During the last two centuries a significant change of lichen communities has happened in the Czech Republic. Important factors which had influencing the lichen biota in the past and recently are summarized in this bachelor thesis. Acid rain caused by high imissions of SO2 a NOx was the most important factors of change of species and remaining acidification of substrates is still influencing lichen communities. Until the end of 80's of 20th century acid rain was a dominant factor influencing lichens. Afterwards, thanks to drop of its intensity in 90's of 20th eutrophication and availability of nitrogen in landscape became dominant influencing factors. All these factors mainly affected the communities of macrolichens, and especially cyanolichens to such an extent that some species in the Czech Republic became extinct. Recently the increasing availability of nutrients has been supporting the spread of nitrophilous species. Due to decrease of SO2 emissions to values from the end of 19th century some areas have been recolonized and some endangered species have returned. The transformation of lichen communities has also been significantly affected by forest management and land use. Based on changing climate and change of natural habitats a further decline mainly of suboceanic species is expected. A more...
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